Louis was indeed growing impatient with his northern ally, suspecting the Swedes of being content to selfishly drain his coffers without lifting a finger to come to his aid. Frederick William was overwhelmed with dismay. After the Seven Years' War he introduced the iron plow, crop rotation, and clover. Despite the cannon fire searing through their ranks, the Swedes charged madly, putting the battles outcome in doubt. The resulting Treaty of Westphalia had extended Swedish control over the Baltic, most notably in Germany, where Sweden received a large portion of Pomerania. What impact did Egyptian religious beliefs have on the lives of Egyptians? David Parker, "Absolutism" in Peter Stearns, ed., Princess Dorothea Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Marie Amelie, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Gstrow, Elisabeth Sophie, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen, Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, German colonial projects before 1871#Brandenburg-Prussian colonies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg&oldid=1126229370, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, William Henry, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg (16481649), Carsten, Francis L. "The Great Elector and the foundation of the Hohenzollern despotism. It was a remarkable display of troop coordination, and the Brandenburger generals conducted the move so secretly that upon reaching their destination, they were as yet entirely undetected by the Swedes. He is notable for his joint victory with Swedish forces at the Battle of Warsaw (1656), which, according to Hajo Holborn, marked "the beginning of Prussian military history",[5] but the Swedes turned on him at the behest of King Louis XIV of France and invaded Brandenburg. Carsten describes how it was the army he had founded that accomplished, in 1871, the triumphant unification of the German Empire and fought the battles of the Third Reich. He weakened representative assemblies of their territories and forced Junkers to cooperate. Between 17,000 and 30,000 enslaved Africans were transported by the BAC to the Americas before the colony was sold to the Dutch in 1721.[9]. Absolutely no hesitation whatsoever in buying from again! Frederick William traveled with the infantry, while the experienced Derfflinger assumed overall command. Their purpose was to avoid the enemy, beat them to the town, and destroy the towns lone bridge, thus severing the Swedish retreat. In contrast to the religious disputes that distrupted the internal affairs of other European states, Brandenburg-Prussia benefited from the policy of religious tolerance adopted by Frederick William. suspicion Frederick William, (born Aug. 20, 1802died Jan. 6, 1875, Prague), elector of Hesse-Kassel from 1847 after 16 years co-regency with his father; he was noted for his reactionary stand against liberalizing trends manifested during the revolutionary events of 1848. Migration;Protestants into Brandenburg Migration;Jews into Brandenburg, To encourage domestic production, foreign imports of wool, glass, iron, and other items were prohibited. What was Frederick William the Great Elector known for? Incensed by the betrayal, he vowed to fight the French alone, but when Louis dispatched an army toward Brandenburg, Frederick William conceded. Following the close of the Thirty Years War in 1648, France had emerged as the strongest kingdom on the Continent, making it inevitable that the ambitious Louis would dictate the ebb and flow of European politics for years to come. Judging the attacking Brandenburgers to be much greater in strength than they actually were, the Wrangels decided against counterattacking Rathenow and opted to withdraw. He favored Calvinist advisers, but to gain toleration for his Calvinism, he had to accept toleration for the majority Lutheran population. In the end, it was a risk the Dutch had to take, and they agreed to once again partially subsidize Brandenburgs army. }[rI"ml %Q 6Z 3 Tugwl0_;{\a="2O.(ppxwg-O7/Sa7Fp7exT Just to be certain, however, Frederick William forged a nonaggression pact with the Swedes before plunging again into war with France. Following the Thirty Years' War, which devastated much of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick William focused on rebuilding his war-ravaged territories. So angered was he by the Dutch Republic and Austria that he would consent to being an ally of hated France for the next six years. ", Richardson, Oliver H. "Religious Toleration under the Great Elector and Its Material Results. Their children were as follows: On 13 June 1668 in Grningen, Frederick William married Sophie Dorothea of Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, daughter of Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg and Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg. Frederick William was a staunch pillar of the Calvinist faith, associated with the rising commercial class. Swedish casualties were much higher, and they would lose still more as a result of incessant peasant raids. The wealthy Dutch, needing allies badly, were only too willing to accommodate him, agreeing to pay for half the 20,000-man Brandenburger army. They were there to decide the future of their state. The timing for the war was ideal. After marching 250 kilometres in 15 days back to Brandenburg, he caught the Swedes by surprise and managed to defeat them on the field at the Battle of Fehrbellin, destroying the myth of Swedish military invincibility. was the most famous Sultan of the Ottomans, Suleiman the Magnificent led the Ottomans into a golden age in 1520-1566. Although the Brandenburgers put up a valiant resistance, Bournonvilles decision to withdraw the following day rather than renew the battle spoiled the stunning achievement of the electors men. When Frederick William succeeded his father, George William George William , as the elector of Brandenburg in 1640, he faced a host of challenges. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. [4], Statue of Frederick William at Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin, Frederick William was a military commander of wide renown, and his standing army would later become the model for the Prussian Army. For this plan to work out, Poland-Lithuania had to first conclude her war against the Ottoman Empire, which French diplomacy despite great efforts failed to achieve. With the help of both the conversion of the eastern Slavs to Christianity and the loose but real political unification of the eastern, Slavic territories under a single prince and a single dynasty in the eleventh century were in the mainstream of European medieval civilization.. After the death of Great Prince Iaroslav the Wise, the powerful principality in present-day Ukraine disintegrated into competing political units. France promised assistance and subsidies, while Sobieski in turn allowed French recruitment in Poland-Lithuania and promised to aid Hungarian rebel forces who were to distract the Habsburgs from their war against France. Frederick William, preferring hunting rather than the arts, left court culture to Louise Henrietta, although Frederick William had neither the inclination nor, more important, the finances to emulate Louis XIVs Versailles Palace. Waldemar knew that the main Brandenburger army was close, but he did not fear an attack. WebExplore. Trudging through the mud created by a blinding rainstorm, they reached the towns gates at midnight. Charles was the last of all of the Habsburg males. Waldemar, satisfied to cross the now-repaired bridge, subsequently did so in good order, leaving behind eight of his cannons. Nevertheless, both sides claimed victory. Since 1672, Louis had been paying the Swedes to maintain an army of 16,000 men in Pomerania for the sole purpose of intimidating Brandenburg, but Frederick William felt he had little to worry about from them. His inheritance consisted of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Duchy of Cleves, the County of Mark, and the Duchy of Prussia. Condition: New. / Harold James, The Massacre in January 1945 on the Baltic Seashore, Introduction Rival Histories of Emer De Vattel's Law of Nations*, Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955, Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: the Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia, Applicant Age Country of Origin Departure Date Expr1004, Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815, UC Berkeley Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: the Huguenot, FREDERICK the GREAT and the SEVEN YEARS' WAR, Queen Louise of Prussia: Gender, Power, and Queenship During the Sattelzeit Era, Migration Across the Frontiers of Germany, The Long-Term Effects of Oppression: Prussia, Political Catholicism and the Alternative Fr Deutschland, The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: the Battle for Konigsberg, 1945, The Regional Incidence of Disease in Germany, Introduction Locating Saxony in the Landscape of German Regional History, German Immigrant Arrivals: Resources in the Library of Congress Compiled and Annotated by Barbara B. Frederick William celebrated his driving off the Swedes, while Waldemar insisted that his bloody charges had delayed the enemy long enough to save the bulk of his force. View basket for details. However, when Louis XIV of France concluded the Dutch War by the Nijmegen treaties, he marched his armies east to relieve his Swedish ally, and forced Frederick William to basically return to the status quo ante bellum by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679). Although it had made a profound statement, Brandenburg remained a minor continental player, still subject to the whims of the larger powers. Swedens acute lack of resources and funds made its recent conquests extremely vulnerable. The larger of these states, Sweden, already possessed a strong tradition as a French ally. Spindell was first appointed The death of Ivan the Terrible ushered in an era of confusion and violent struggle for power. Frederick William called off further offensives and was content to allow the remaining Swedes to withdraw. Furthermore, certain diplomatic measures were required before it could confidently engage the Swedesnamely, negotiations with the Dutch Republic concerning naval assistance against the Swedish fleet. Custom and user added quotes with pictures. In the seventeenth century, there was little German nationalism, and localism reigned supreme. In exchange for supporting Frederick Williams policies, the Junkers own taxes remained relatively light and they were given greater control over their peasants, largely free of royal interference. Something of a novelty in the period, Frederick William always made it a point to consult his officers in times of war. The alliance of Sweden and France had checked the swelling power of the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years War. Rather than exploit his victory with an immediate counterattack, he ordered his troops to stay put. was the chief architect of Elizabeth, Peter the Great's daughter. WebFrederick, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (16131670) Austria. He had previously assumed that Sweden would refrain from any such move because of the divisions within its government and the strength of the Dutch fleet. The Slavic Law prohibited women from ruling. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he is popularly known as "the Great Elector"[1] (der Groe Kurfrst) because of his military and political achievements. Carsten Aware of the negative domestic consequences of his military aims, Frederick William followed the prevailing economic doctrine of mercantilism, Mercantilism;Brandenburg or cameralism as it was known in Germany, which advocated state leadership in guiding the economy. One of the continuing challenges facing the great elector throughout his reign was to increase the size and professional competence of his army, and given the poverty of his lands, he often relied upon subsidies from foreign governments that came at the cost of forcing the elector into numerous temporary alliances. - As always First Class professional service throughout. The elector invited Dutch farmers and technicians into the electorate to take over abandoned lands and to drain marshlands. was Ivan IV and the grandson of Ivan III. are people of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. was the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked the French and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and making it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. Funding the military through heavy taxes required building up new industry, such as wool, cotton, linen, lace, soap, paper, and iron. In pursuing his military goals and strengthening the government, the elector worsened the plight of the middle classes and urban inhabitants. He united the multiple separate domains that his family had acquired primarily by marriage over the decades, and built the powerful unified state of Prussia out of them. The Peace of Westphalia Westphalia, Peace of (1648) ended the Thirty Years War in 1648, and although the Calvinists in the empire were guaranteed religious toleration, Frederick Williams territorial gains were minimal. Psychologically, however, the triumph belonged to Brandenburg, which earned the distinction of being the first minor German state in modern times to deal such a stunning blow to a major European power. He took title of Czar and adopted Byzantine court rituals. When the Holy Roman Empire declared war on France (Reichskrieg), Brandenburg-Prussia again changed sides and joined the imperial forces. Beachy on McKay, 'The Great Elector: Frederick William of, Review published on Thursday, May 1, 2003. Victory promised unprecedented growth, while defeat nearly ensured that Brandenburg would remain a minor entity no greater than many others spread out across Germany. A. expunge, B. collate, C. extol, D. prate E. impute. Military;Brandenburg. For the time being, he was correct in this assumption. At his accession the scattered lands of the Hohenzollern were devastated and depopulated by the Thirty Years War and occupied by Swedish troops. He had swamplands drained. Another consequence of his military ambitions was the alliance between the elector and the nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, that is, between the elector and the Junkers (landowners, who controlled territories in the east). In ensuing conflicts, states fought either with France or against her. By the second half of 1674, however, a combination of logistical difficulties and French pressure made an undesired war with Brandenburg increasingly likely. Building up his army and his alliances, by the end of the 1650s it appeared that Sweden would be forced to abandon lands claimed by the elector, but France backed the Swedes as a counterweight to the imperial Habsburgs, and Frederick William had to settle with being recognized as the duke of Prussia. frederick william the great elector quotes. The ensuing devastation reached right to the gates of Berlin itself. Given the grave condition of his overextended realm, more French subsidies were imperative. In 1675, he defeated the invading Swedes at the Battle of Fehrbellin, Fehrbellin, Battle of (1675) winning for himself the title of the great elector, later the title of a biography by Samuel von Pufendorf, one of his advisers. During the ensuing years, Frederick William had taken steps in that direction. In the First Northern War (165560) he gained sovereignty over the duchy of Prussia. Please try again. Christianity is an old metaphysical fiction, stuffed with fables, contradictions Following Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Frederick William encouraged skilled French and Walloon Huguenots to emigrate to Brandenburg-Prussia with the Edict of Potsdam, bolstering the country's technical and industrial base. To turn water into wine, and what is common into what is holy, is indeed the glory of Christianity. His inheritance consisted of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Duchy of Cleves, the County of Mark, and the Duchy of Prussia. The seeds were thus sown for the dramatic growth of the army in generations to come. In his mind, the only solution was to create a formidable military that could compete with the major European powers surrounding him. were a nomadic tribe. After a reign of forty-eight years, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, left behind him in 1688 a military and bureaucratic system that endured until 1945. [3], In the conflict for Pomerania inheritance, Frederick William had to accept two setbacks, one in the Northern War and one in the Scanian War. They reached the hills summit and captured the Brandenburger artillery. Maybe it was searching for the right antique or the perfect water lily. Frederick William also faced opposition from the estates, or parliaments, of the various Hohenzollern lands. Similarly, the, Elector defeated the Brandenburg estates, which yielded to his demands by the 1660s (p. 131). Shortly afterward, Montecuccoli regained control of his own army and terminated the brief offensive. Related Topics. [3], In 1672, Frederick William joined the Franco-Dutch War as an ally of the Dutch Republic, led by his nephew William of Orange but made peace with France in the June 1673 Treaty of Vossem. 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